martes, 16 de enero de 2024

Medical English Vocabulary

1. Symptom – a sign of a medical condition
Example: “Researchers tested people with mild symptoms of the virus.”

2. Diagnosis – the process of identifying a medical condition
Example: “The doctor’s diagnosis reassured the patient.”

3. Treatment – the management of a medical condition
Example: “She went into hospital for treatment.”

4. Prescription – a written order for medication
Example: “Mark had an infection. The doctor gave him a prescription for antibiotics.”

5. Hospitalization – the act of being admitted to a hospital
Example: “Hospitalization is often required for this illness.”

6. Prognosis – the expected outcome of a medical condition
Example: “Since the operation, his prognosis has improved greatly.”

7. Remission – a period of time during which a medical condition improves or disappears
Example: “Since the operation, his prognosis has improved greatly.”

8. Acute – a medical condition that has a rapid onset and severe symptoms
Example: “Since the operation, his prognosis has improved greatly.”

9. Chronic – a medical condition that is long-term and persistent
Example: “Since the operation, his prognosis has improved greatly.”

10. Prevalence – the number of cases of a medical condition within a population
Example: “Since the operation, his prognosis has improved greatly.”

11. Anatomy – the study of the structure and organization of living things.
Example: “The anatomy of the human heart is complex.”

12. Physiology – the study of the functions and processes of living organisms and their parts.
Example: “The physiology of digestion is essential for maintaining good health.”

13. Pathology – the study of disease, including the causes, development, and effects of disease on the body.
Example: “The pathology report showed that the patient had cancer.”

14. Microbiology – the study of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Example: “The microbiology lab is studying a new strain of bacteria that causes infections.”

15. Immunology – the study of the immune system and its functions and disorders.
Example: “The immunology department is researching ways to improve the body’s defenses against infections.”

16. Neurology – the study of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
Example: “The neurology clinic specializes in the treatment of conditions that affect the nervous system.”

17. Cardiologist – doctor specialized in the study of the heart and blood vessels.
Example: “The cardiologist is equipped with advanced equipment for diagnosing and treating heart conditions.”

18. Oncology – the study of cancer, including its causes, development, and treatment.
Example: “The oncology center is conducting research on new treatments for cancer patients.”

19. Emergency Medicine – the study of the diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries, including emergency medical services and critical care.
Example: “Emergency medicine doctors assess and treat patients, regardless of their illness or injury type.”

20. Immune system – a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful invaders such as viruses and bacteria.
Example: “Our immune system is supported through a healthy lifestyle that includes adequate sleep, good nutrition, and exercise.”

21. Metabolic syndrome – a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing a person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and other health problems.
Example: “Due to his sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary choices, John was diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.”

22. Blood pressure – the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries.
Example: “Many people get diagnosed with high blood pressure during a routine check-up.”

23. Cesarean section – a surgical procedure in which a baby is delivered through an incision made in the mother’s abdomen.
Example: “Due to complications during labor, the doctor recommended a cesarean section for the safe delivery of the baby.”

24. Palliative care – care focused on managing the symptoms and improving the quality of life for people with serious illnesses.
Example: “The hospice team provided palliative care to the terminally ill patient, offering emotional support and pain management.”

25. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) – a non-invasive imaging test that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of internal body structures.
Example: “After injuring his knee during a soccer game, the doctor ordered an MRI to assess the extent of the damage and determine the best course of treatment.”

26. Failure to thrive – a term used to describe infants or children who are not gaining weight or growing as expected, often due to a medical or nutritional problem.
Example: “The pediatrician was concerned about the baby’s slow weight gain and ordered further tests to determine the cause of the infant’s failure to thrive.”

27. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) – A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Example: “The child’s teacher referred him to a psychiatrist after noticing symptoms of ADHD, including difficulty paying attention and hyperactive behavior in the classroom.”

28. Occupational medicine – a branch of medicine that focuses on the health and safety of people in the workplace.
Example: “The company hired an occupational medicine specialist to evaluate the safety of its work environment and develop a plan to prevent work-related injuries.”

Which medical English words did you already know? Which ones are new to you?
Practice these medical English words and expressions ad much more with our online English teachers at your convenience, even if you have a busy schedule.

LESSON 43

ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 5

ACTIVITY 6
ACTIVITY 7

LESSON 42

ACTIVITY 1
ACTIVITY 2
ACTIVITY 3
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 5

ACTIVITY 6
ACTIVITY 7
ACTIVITY 8

LESSON 41

Phrases like kind of, sort of, and type of are often unnecessary in writing.

They are often used colloquially, which should be avoided in formal writing, and can also bog down your writing in extra words, which makes the meaning of your sentence less clear.

Let's take a look at an example:

Pitbulls and bulldogs are loyal to their owners. But these types of dogs are often misrepresented as vicious attack animals.
Pitbulls and bulldogs are loyal to their owners. But these dogs are often misrepresented as vicious attack animals.

Because the first sentence tells us which dogs we are talking about, we don't need to specify types of. The second sentence is clearer and easier to read.

When writing, it's important to be succinct. Verbose writing is not only difficult to read, it also eliminates clarity. Most of the time, you can cut these as unnecessary words:

He is a dendrologist. This is a type of scientist who studies trees.
He is a dendrologist. This is a scientist who studies trees.

However, sometimes these words do make things clearer. If there are no preceding sentences, or there are numerous types of the noun, saying type of or kind of may offer more specificity:

The silkworm is a kind of moth, not a worm.

There are over 160,000 species of moths, so it makes sense to use the phrase kind of. That said, you can often use a more specific phrase instead:

The silkworm is not a worm, but a species of moth.

You also need to consider whether using colloquial language is the right approach for your piece of writing.

Saying things like "I'm kind of hungry" is more of a colloquialism than proper English. When you're using formal writing, avoid these uses completely.

No matter what the style of writing, be aware that phrases like sort of can actually weaken your point. For example, he is sort of smart is weak and doesn't illustrate the point well.

Instead, provide a comparison for his intelligence (e.g. he's smart, but not as smart as Barbara) or state the fact decisively: he is smart. The only exception is if you are writing fiction and want to show that the character is hesitant, shy, or indecisive.

When deciding whether to eliminate extra words, ask yourself these questions:

Is this being used colloquially?
Could I rephrase my sentence to be clearer without it?
Does the sentence make sense without these words?
Do my preceding sentences offer clarity?

ACTIVITY 1

What Is “Such as”?

“Such as” is a phrase we use when we want to give examples or specify a particular subset of items or ideas. We often include it in both our spoken and written English to make our explanations more precise.

List of Synonyms for Such as

For example
For instance
Like
Including
Namely
Particularly
Specifically
To illustrate
To name a few
As an example
As a case in point
Especially
Consider
By way of illustration
In particular
As demonstrated by
To give an example
To cite an example
To enumerate
To exemplify
To explain
To indicate
To point out
To show
To detail
As shown by
As evidenced by
As revealed by
As typified by
As represented by
As characterized by
Among others
Amongst which
g. (exempli gratia)
Such as
In the case of
With regards to
Regarding
With respect to
As pertains to
With reference to
In respect to
Concerning
When it comes to
In the context of
As relates to
As regards
In terms of
As far as … is concerned
With consideration to
When considering
In light of
With attention to
As applies to
As to
With regard to
Pertaining to
In connection with
As concerns
Related to
In the realm of
With the likes of
In the category of
In the class of
As part of
Within the framework of
Under the umbrella of
In the form of
In the nature of
In the guise of
As exemplified by
As indicated by
As suggested by

Types of Synonyms for Such as

Informal Usage

When listing examples, should you use such as or like? It seems like these terms are interchangeable, but there are subtle differences in the ways you use them. Keep reading to find several such as vs. like examples that make their meanings clearer.

The Difference Between Such As and Like

While they may seem interchangeable at first glance, such as and like have distinct meanings to be used in different contexts.

like - makes a comparison between things with the same characteristics; similar to
such as - used to introduce a specific example or examples

Such As: Meanings and Usage

The phrase such as is versatile in English. Such as can be used as an adjective or demonstrative pronoun, while as can function as a modifier or conjunction. When the words are put together, they can list examples or clarify.

Examples of Such As in a Sentence

If you are making a statement with examples attached, such as is a good choice. It indicates that your statement includes the following people or objects. Here are some examples of such as in a sentence.

I love reading books by mystery authors, such as Agatha Christie and Stephen King.
This dentist specializes in preventative treatments, such as sealants and semi-annual X-rays.
Valentine’s Day gifts, such as chocolates or flowers, are a nice way to show that special someone how you feel.
Perla enjoys musicals, such as The Phantom of the Opera, while her husband prefers scary movies.

Notice that you can use such as to introduce one, two or three examples. Four are acceptable if they are one-word examples. Anything more than that may affect your sentence’s flow.